Human papillomavirus (HPV)
HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection: most sexually active people acquire it at some point in their lives.
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Medicines commonly prescribed for Human papillomavirus (HPV)
For informational purposes only. Always consult a doctor before using any medicine.
Dosage form: CREAM, 50 mg/gActive substance: imiquimodManufacturer: Viatris Healthcare LimitedPrescription requiredDosage form: CREAM, 5 %Active substance: imiquimodManufacturer: Mibe Pharma Espana S.L.Prescription requiredDosage form: CREAM, 3.75%Active substance: imiquimodManufacturer: Viatris Healthcare LimitedPrescription required
HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection: most sexually active people acquire it at some point in their lives. There are more than 200 types; nearly all are harmless and the body clears them on its own within one or two years. A small group, the so-called high-risk types, can lead to cancer years later if the infection persists. And that is the important part: today that cancer can be prevented, both by vaccination and by screening.
What it causes
- low-risk types, principally 6 and 11: genital warts, which are a nuisance and contagious but not cancerous;
- high-risk types, principally 16 and 18: cell changes in the cervix which, if not detected, can progress to cancer over 10–20 years;
- they are also linked to cancers of the anus, vagina, vulva, penis and oropharynx, including the tonsils and base of the tongue;
- other types cause common warts on hands and feet, which are not sexually transmitted.
Symptoms
In the vast majority of cases there are none at all. The person does not know they have the virus, feels nothing and can pass it on. When there are symptoms:
- genital warts: soft, skin-coloured growths, single or clustered like a cauliflower, on the genitals, groin, anus or mouth;
- itching or mild discomfort in the area;
- bleeding after sex or between periods, which already indicates a cervical lesion and requires assessment;
- a neck lump or a persistent sore throat in oropharyngeal cases.
How it is transmitted
- by skin-to-skin contact in the genital area, not only through penetration;
- through vaginal, anal and oral sex;
- condoms reduce the risk but do not eliminate it, because they do not cover all the skin of the area;
- during childbirth, uncommonly;
- it is not transmitted through swimming pools, toilet seats, towels or living with someone.
One fact that prevents a great deal of relationship conflict: the virus can lie dormant for years. A positive test does not mean a partner has recently been unfaithful, nor does it allow you to know when or from whom it was acquired.
Vaccination
This is the most effective measure available and it prevents the majority of HPV-related cancers.
- it works best before sexual activity begins, which is why it is given in early adolescence, at around 11–12;
- it is recommended for both girls and boys: boys also develop associated cancers, and vaccinating them interrupts transmission;
- up to age 15 two doses are usually enough; beyond that, three;
- it can also be useful in young adults already exposed, because it protects against types not yet acquired;
- the vaccine does not treat an existing infection and does not replace screening.
Screening
The second element, and it is not optional even if you are vaccinated.
- cervical cytology and HPV testing according to your local programme, usually between ages 25 and 65;
- the HPV test detects high-risk virus before any cell changes occur;
- an abnormal result leads to colposcopy and, if needed, biopsy;
- pre-cancerous lesions are treated simply and as an outpatient — and that is where cancer is prevented;
- a positive HPV test with normal cytology means surveillance, not disease.
When to see a doctor
- warts have appeared in the genital or anal area;
- there is bleeding after sex, between periods or after the menopause;
- there is malodorous discharge or persistent pelvic pain;
- you have had an abnormal cytology or HPV result;
- you have not attended screening within the recommended interval;
- you want to discuss vaccination;
- you have a neck lump or throat symptoms that will not settle;
- your immunity is reduced: in that case checks are more frequent.
Treatment
There is no drug that removes the virus from the body. Its consequences are what get treated.
- genital warts: home-applied creams — imiquimod, podophyllotoxin — cryotherapy, electrocautery, laser or excision. Several sessions are usually needed and they can recur;
- cervical lesions: surveillance for low-grade changes, which often regress on their own, and treatment by loop excision or conisation for high-grade ones;
- in most people the immune system clears the virus within one to two years without any treatment;
- stopping smoking: tobacco makes it harder for the body to clear the virus and increases the risk of lesions. It is the most useful thing you can do yourself.
Common questions
Does having HPV mean I will get cancer? No. The great majority of infections clear on their own. Risk arises when a high-risk type persists for years unmonitored.
Should I tell my partner? It is reasonable to discuss it, but remember that most people have had the virus and that its origin and timing cannot be established.
Is there a test for men? There is no routine screening. Visible lesions are assessed and, in some higher-risk groups, anal screening is offered.
Is vaccination worthwhile after 26? It may be, depending on your situation; discuss it with your doctor.
If I am vaccinated, can I skip cytology? No. The vaccine does not cover every high-risk type.
Online consultation
In an online consultation the doctor explains exactly what your HPV or cytology result means, advises what follow-up applies, considers vaccination in your case, reviews the options for treating warts, and helps you approach the conversation with your partner without alarm.
This material is for information only and does not replace a medical consultation.
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Medically reviewed by
Reviewed on Aug 7, 2026
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