EKZEMARIN
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How to use EKZEMARIN
INSTRUCTIONS for medical use of the medicinal product FLUMAZENIL-VISTA (FLUMAZENIL-VISTA)
Composition
active substance: flumazenil; 1 ml of solution contains 0.1 mg of flumazenil; excipients: sodium chloride, disodium edetate, glacial acetic acid, sodium hydroxide, water for injections.
Pharmaceutical form
Solution for injection.
Main physical and chemical properties
Transparent, colorless solution.
Pharmacotherapeutic group
Other therapeutic agents. Antidotes. ATC code V03AB25.
Pharmacological properties
Pharmacodynamics
Mechanism of action
Flumazenil is a benzodiazepine antagonist, an imidazobenzodiazepine derivative that, through competitive interaction, specifically blocks the effects of substances acting on the benzodiazepine receptor in the central nervous system (CNS). There have been reports of neutralization of paradoxical benzodiazepine reactions.
Pharmacodynamic effects
Experiments conducted on animals have shown that flumazenil does not block the effects of benzodiazepine receptor agonists, such as barbiturates, mimetics of gamma-aminobutyric acid, and adenosine receptor antagonists. Flumazenil blocks the action of non-benzodiazepine agonists, such as cyclopyrrolones (zoplicone) and triazolopyridazines. The hypnotic-sedative effects of benzodiazepines quickly disappear (within 1-2 minutes) after intravenous administration of flumazenil. Depending on the difference in elimination time between the agonist and antagonist, the effect may recur within several hours. Flumazenil may have slight agonistic (e.g., anticonvulsant) activity. Clinical efficacy and safety. Animal studies have shown that with prolonged treatment with flumazenil, a withdrawal syndrome developed, including seizures.
Pharmacokinetics
Distribution
Flumazenil is a weakly lipophilic base. Flumazenil is bound to approximately 50% of plasma proteins, of which 2/3 are bound to albumin. Flumazenil is intensely distributed in the extracellular space. During the distribution phase, the concentration of flumazenil in plasma decreases with a half-life of 4-5 minutes. The volume of distribution at steady-state concentration is 0.9-1.1 L/kg.
Metabolism
Flumazenil undergoes intensive metabolism in the liver. The most important inactive metabolite in plasma (in free form) and urine (in free and conjugated form) is carboxylic acid. The results of pharmacological tests have shown that this metabolite does not have agonistic or antagonistic benzodiazepine activity.
Elimination
Flumazenil is almost completely excreted in the urine. This indicates complete breakdown of the active substance in the body. Studies with a radiolabeled drug have shown that complete excretion occurs within 72 hours: 90-95% with urine and 5-10% with feces. Elimination is rapid, as evidenced by a short half-life (40-80 minutes). The total clearance of flumazenil is 0.8-1.0 L/h/kg, and metabolism occurs mainly in the liver.
Clinical characteristics
Indications
The medicinal product is used to partially or completely eliminate the central sedative effects of benzodiazepines in adults and children over 1 year of age. It can be used in anesthesia and intensive care.
Contraindications
- Increased sensitivity to the active substance or to any of the components of the medicinal product.
- Treatment of potentially life-threatening conditions with benzodiazepines (e.g., control of intracranial pressure or epileptic status).
- Severe intoxication caused by cyclic antidepressants (seizures, focal seizures, QRS prolongation, arrhythmia, mydriasis, anticholinergic symptoms).
Interaction with other medicinal products and other types of interactions
Interaction studies were conducted only in adult patients. Flumazenil suppresses the central effects of benzodiazepines by competitive inhibition at the receptor level. It also blocks the action of non-benzodiazepine agonists (e.g., zoplicone, triazolopyridazines) on benzodiazepine receptors. However, flumazenil does not block the action of medicinal products that do not work through this mechanism. No interaction with other CNS depressants has been observed.
Special instructions
Monitoring
When using flumazenil to eliminate sedation caused by benzodiazepines, it is necessary to monitor the dose, vital signs (electrocardiogram (ECG)), pulse, oximetry, concentration of the patient's attention, and other vital signs (such as heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure) for a long time, as well as the duration of the effect of the used benzodiazepine for the occurrence of symptoms of repeated sedation, difficulty breathing, or other signs of residual benzodiazepine effect.
Anxiety
It is necessary to carefully select the dosage of flumazenil for patients who suffer from preoperative anxiety or have a history of chronic or episodic anxiety.
Postoperative pain
Postoperative pain should be taken into account. It may be better to keep the patient sedated.
Pediatric use
Due to the likelihood of repeated sedation and difficulty breathing in children who have been sedated with midazolam, it is necessary to carefully monitor them for at least 2 hours after administration of flumazenil.
Overdose
Symptoms. Even when used in higher doses than recommended (up to 100 mg of flumazenil), symptoms of overdose have not been observed.
Adverse reactions
| Immune system disorders | |
| often | hypersensitivity reactions, anaphylactic shock |
| Psychiatric disorders | |
| often | anxiety, insomnia, drowsiness, emotional lability |
| rarely | fear |
| frequency unknown | psychic changes, euphoria, fatigue, pathological crying, aggressive reactions, panic attacks; withdrawal syndrome: agitation, anxiety, emotional lability, confusion, sensory disturbances |
| Nervous system disorders | |
| often | headache, vertigo, agitation, tremor, dry mouth, rapid breathing, speech disorders, paresthesia |
| rarely | seizures (mainly in patients with epilepsy, severe liver failure, especially after treatment with benzodiazepines or in case of overdose with several medicinal products) |
| frequency unknown | spontaneous movements |
| Eye disorders | |
| often | diplopia, strabismus, increased lacrimation |
| Ear and labyrinth disorders | |
| rarely | hearing impairment |
| Cardiovascular disorders | |
| often | increased heart rate, flushing, hypotension, orthostatic hypertension, transient hypertension (upon awakening) |
| rarely | tachycardia or bradycardia, extrasystole |
| Respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders | |
| rarely | dyspnea, cough, nasal congestion, chest pain |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | |
| very often | nausea (during anesthesia, especially when used with opioids) |
| often | vomiting (during anesthesia, especially when used with opioids), hiccups |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | |
| often | increased sweating |
| rarely | pallor |
| frequency unknown | heat flushes to the face |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | |
| often | fatigue, pain at the injection site |
| rarely | trembling |
| frequency unknown | increased pain sensation, weight gain, chills |
Shelf life
3 years.
Storage conditions
No special storage conditions are required for the medicinal product. Store in a place inaccessible to children.
Packaging
5 ml in an ampoule; 5 or 10 ampoules in a cardboard pack.
Release category
By prescription.
Manufacturer
LABORATORIO REIG JOFRÉ, S.A.
Location of the manufacturer and its business address
C/Gran Capitán, 10, Sant Joan Despí, Barcelona, 08970, Spain
- Country of registration
- Active substance
- Prescription requiredYes
- Manufacturer
- This information is for reference only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a licensed doctor before taking any medication. Oladoctor is not responsible for medical decisions based on this content.
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