This page is for general information. Consult a doctor for personal advice. Call emergency services if symptoms are severe.

How to use Lactulose-mip

Leaflet attached to the packaging: patient information

Warning! Keep the leaflet! Information on the immediate packaging in a foreign language.

Lactulose-MIP, 9.75 g/15 ml (650 mg/ml), syrup

Lactulose

You should carefully read the contents of the leaflet before using the medicine, as it contains important information for the patient.

This medicine should always be used exactly as described in the patient leaflet or according to the doctor's or pharmacist's instructions.

You should keep this leaflet, so you can read it again if you need to.
If you need advice or additional information, you should consult a pharmacist.
If the patient experiences any side effects, including any side effects not listed in the leaflet, they should tell their doctor or pharmacist. See section 4.
If there is no improvement after a few days, or if the patient feels worse, they should contact their doctor.

Table of contents of the leaflet:

1. What is Lactulose-MIP and what is it used for
2. Important information before using Lactulose-MIP
3. How to use Lactulose-MIP
4. Possible side effects
5. How to store Lactulose-MIP
6. Contents of the packaging and other information

1. What is Lactulose-MIP and what is it used for

Lactulose is a disaccharide composed of D-galactose and fructose. It is a mildly laxative medicine with an osmotic effect. The laxative effect of lactulose is due to two processes:

sugar and acids cause changes in osmotic pressure (increased volume of intestinal contents), which indirectly affects the stimulation of intestinal peristalsis;
acids directly stimulate intestinal peristalsis.

It is assumed that the effect of lactulose in reducing blood ammonia levels is due to the following processes:

the breakdown of lactulose reduces the pH value, leading to the ionization of ammonia. This process leads to the formation of non-absorbable and non-toxic ammonium ions, reducing the absorption of ammonia from the colon;
the increased concentration of carbohydrates and the resulting acidification of the intestinal contents lead to the replacement of proteolytic bacteria with sacharolytic bacteria, resulting in less ammonia production;
the reduced pH value in the intestine causes ammonia to pass directly from the blood into the acidic intestinal contents;
the administration of lactulose leads to an increased concentration of carbohydrates in the colon. This results in a relative deficit of nitrogen for the entire bacterial flora, which is then compensated for by the use of ammonia from the breakdown of microorganisms.

In the case of hepatic encephalopathy, lactulose reduces blood ammonia levels by about 25-50%. The therapeutic effect may occur after a few hours to a few days.
Indications for use:

constipation;
prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy.

2. Important information before using Lactulose-MIP

When not to use Lactulose-MIP

if the patient is allergic to lactulose or any of the other ingredients of this medicine (listed in section 6);
if the patient has intestinal obstruction;
if the patient has gastrointestinal inflammation;
if the patient has galactosemia;
if the patient has water and electrolyte balance disorders.

Warnings and precautions

Before starting to use Lactulose-MIP, you should consult a doctor or pharmacist.
Caution should be exercised in infants and young children with autosomal recessive hereditary fructose intolerance. In the case of such a disease, incomplete breakdown of fructose leads to fructosuria (excretion of fructose in the urine) and hypoglycemia (reduced blood sugar levels), as well as liver, kidney, and brain function disorders related to hypoglycemia.
15 ml of syrup contains up to 2.4 g of carbohydrates (including fructose, galactose, lactose), which corresponds to 0.2 bread units, so the medicine should be used with caution in patients with diabetes.
If the patient has previously been diagnosed with intolerance to certain sugars, they should consult a doctor before taking the medicine.
The medicine should not be used in patients with rare hereditary galactose intolerance, lactase deficiency, or glucose-galactose malabsorption.
If the patient has been previously diagnosed with hereditary fructose intolerance - a rare genetic disease in which the patient's body does not break down fructose, they should consult a doctor before taking the medicine.

Other medicines and Lactulose-MIP

You should tell your doctor or pharmacist about all medicines you are currently taking or have recently taken, as well as any medicines you plan to take.
Lactulose reduces the pH in the large intestine and may weaken the effect of medicines whose release depends on the pH in the colon. Lactulose may increase potassium loss caused by other medicines (diuretics, corticosteroids, and amphotericin B). Lactulose may cause a decrease in serum potassium levels, which may enhance the effect of cardiac glycosides.

Pregnancy and breastfeeding

According to current knowledge, this medicine can be used as recommended during pregnancy and lactation.
Before using any medicine, you should consult a doctor.

Driving and using machines

Lactulose-MIP does not affect the ability to drive vehicles or operate machinery.

3. How to use Lactulose-MIP

This medicine should always be taken exactly as described in the patient leaflet or according to the doctor's or pharmacist's instructions. In case of doubts, you should consult a doctor or pharmacist.
The dosage should be adjusted individually to the patient's needs, disease severity, and course.
Lactulose should be taken orally. The syrup is dosed using the attached measuring cup. If the doctor does not recommend otherwise, the following dosage regimen should be used:
Constipation

	Initial dose		Maintenance dose
Adults and adolescents (14-17 years)	15-45 ml in 1 or 2 divided doses	which corresponds to 9.75-29.25 g of lactulose	15-30 ml	which corresponds to 9.75-19.5 g of lactulose
Children (7-14 years)	15 ml	which corresponds to 9.75 g of lactulose	10-15 ml	which corresponds to 6.5-9.75 g of lactulose
Children (1-6 years)	5-10 ml	which corresponds to 3.25-6.5 g of lactulose	5-10 ml	which corresponds to 3.25-6.5 g of lactulose
Infants (under 1 year)	up to 5 ml	which corresponds to up to 3.25 g of lactulose	up to 5 ml	which corresponds to up to 3.25 g of lactulose

The dosage should be adjusted so that the patient has a soft stool. The medicine can be taken in a single daily dose or in two divided doses. In the case of a single daily dose, it should be taken at the same time, e.g., during breakfast.
After a few days, the initial dose may be adjusted to a maintenance dose based on the response to treatment. The therapeutic effect may occur after a few days (2-3 days of treatment).
If there is no adequate therapeutic effect after this time, you should consult a doctor.
If the patient has been treated with laxatives for a longer period, they should be discontinued gradually.

Use in children

Laxatives can be used in children, infants, and newborns only in special cases and under medical supervision, as they may affect the normal rhythm of bowel movements.
Lactulose-MIP should not be given to children under 14 years without consulting a doctor.
Elderly patients and patients with kidney and liver disorders:
There are no special dosage recommendations.
Hepatic encephalopathy (only in adults)
Initial dose: 3-4 times a day, 30-45 ml (19.5-29.25 g of lactulose).
This dose may be adjusted to a maintenance dose to achieve a soft stool 2-3 times a day.
Use in children:
There are no available data on the use of Lactulose-MIP in children (under 18 years) with hepatic encephalopathy.
Method of administration
Lactulose-MIP can be taken after mixing with water or other liquids. The medicine can be taken independently of meals.
A single dose of lactulose should be swallowed without being held in the mouth for too long.
During the use of laxatives, it is recommended to drink a large amount of fluids (about 1.5-2 l/day, i.e., 6-8 glasses).
The laxative effect may occur after 2 to 10 hours. If the dose is insufficient, it may take 24 to 48 hours to produce the first stool. The duration of treatment depends on the course of the disease.
If you feel that the effect of Lactulose-MIP is too strong or too weak, you should consult a doctor.

Using a higher dose of Lactulose-MIP than recommended

After an overdose, diarrhea, electrolyte loss, and abdominal cramps may occur.
If necessary, the doctor will administer symptomatic treatment.

4. Possible side effects

Like all medicines, this medicine can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them.
Very common (may affect more than 1 in 10 people):
Abdominal pain, bloating. In the case of using too high doses: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
Very rare (affects less than 1 in 10,000 people):
Hypernatremia (elevated blood sodium levels, during the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy), electrolyte balance disorders (due to diarrhea).
Frequency not known (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data):
Allergic reactions, rash, itching, urticaria.

Reporting side effects

If you experience any side effects, including any side effects not listed in the leaflet, you should tell your doctor or pharmacist. Side effects can be reported directly to the Department of Monitoring of Adverse Reactions to Medicinal Products of the Office for Registration of Medicinal Products, Medical Devices, and Biocidal Products, Al. Jerozolimskie 181C, 02-222 Warsaw, tel.: +48 22 49 21 301, fax: +48 22 49 21 309, website: https://smz.ezdrowie.gov.pl.
By reporting side effects, you can help gather more information on the safety of the medicine.

5. How to store Lactulose-MIP

Store in a temperature below 25°C.
Shelf life after first opening the bottle: 12 months.
The medicine should be stored out of sight and reach of children.
Do not use this medicine after the expiry date stated on the packaging.
The expiry date refers to the last day of the stated month.
Medicines should not be disposed of via wastewater or household waste. You should ask your pharmacist how to dispose of medicines that are no longer needed. This will help protect the environment.

6. Contents of the packaging and other information

What Lactulose-MIP contains

The active substance of the medicine is lactulose. 15 ml of syrup contains 9.75 g of lactulose.
The medicine does not contain any other ingredients.

What Lactulose-MIP looks like and what the packaging contains

The medicine is in the form of a syrup.
The syrup is packaged in PET bottles with a PE or PE/PP cap in a cardboard box.
The packaging contains 200 ml of syrup. A PP dosing cup with a capacity of 5-30 ml is attached to the packaging.
For more detailed information, you should contact the marketing authorization holder or the parallel importer.

Marketing authorization holder in Austria, the country of export:

MIP Pharma Austria GmbH
Maria-Theresien-Str. 7/II
6020 Innsbruck
Austria

Manufacturer:

Chephasaar GmbH
Mühlstr. 50
D-66386 St. Ingbert
Germany

Parallel importer:

InPharm Sp. z o.o.
ul. Strumykowa 28/11
03-138 Warsaw

Repackaged by:

InPharm Sp. z o.o. Services sp. k.
ul. Chełmżyńska 249
04-458 Warsaw
Austrian marketing authorization number, country of export:1-25932
Parallel import authorization number:473/21

Date of leaflet approval: 01.09.2023

Country of registration
Poland
Active substance
lactulose
Prescription required
No
Marketing authorisation holder (MAH)
MIP Pharma Austria GmbH
This information is for reference only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a licensed doctor before taking any medication. Oladoctor is not responsible for medical decisions based on this content.
Alternatives to Lactulose-mip
Duphalac Fruit
Dosage form: Solution, 667 mg/ml
Active substance: lactulose
Prescription not required
Duphalac
Dosage form: Solution, 667 mg/ml
Active substance: lactulose
Prescription not required
Lactulose-mip
Dosage form: Syrup, 9.75 g/15 ml
Active substance: lactulose
Manufacturer: Chephasaar, Chemisch-pharmazeutische Fabrik GmbH
Prescription not required

Alternatives to Lactulose-mip in other countries

The best alternatives with the same active ingredient and therapeutic effect.

Alternative to Lactulose-mip in Ukraine

PORTALAK

Dosage form: syrup, 667 mg/ml; 250 ml or 500 ml in a bottle

Active substance: lactulose

Manufacturer: Belupo, liki ta kosmetika, d.d.

Prescription not required

NORMOLAKT FRUT

Dosage form: syrup, 667 mg/ml

Active substance: lactulose

Manufacturer: Publicne akcionerne tovaristvo "Naukovo-virobnicij centr "Borsagivs'kij himiko-farmacevticnij zavod

Prescription not required

NORMOLAKT FORTE

Dosage form: syrup, 670 mg/ml in 100 ml or 200 ml bottle

Active substance: lactulose

Manufacturer: Tovaristvo z obmezenou vidpovidal'nistu "Harkivs'ke farmacevticne pidpriemstvo "Zdorov'a narodu" (virobnictvo z produkcii in bulk firmi Frezenius Kabi Avstria GmbH, Avstria)

Prescription not required

NORMOLAKT

Dosage form: syrup, 670 mg/ml in 100 ml bottle

Active substance: lactulose

Manufacturer: Publicne akcionerne tovaristvo "Naukovo-virobnicij centr "Borsagivs'kij himiko-farmacevticnij zavod

Prescription not required

NORMAZE

Dosage form: syrup, 10 g/15 ml in 200 ml bottle

Active substance: lactulose

Manufacturer: L. Molteni i K. dei F.lli Alitti Sosieta di Ezercicio S.p.A.

Prescription not required

MEDULAK

Dosage form: syrup, 667.0 mg/ml in 180 ml bottle

Active substance: lactulose

Manufacturer: ABC Farmaceutici S.p.A

Prescription not required

Alternative to Lactulose-mip in Spain

LACTULOSE LAINCO 3.33 g/5 ml ORAL SOLUTION

Dosage form: ORAL SOLUTION/SUSPENSION, 0.67 g lactulose/ml

Active substance: lactulose

Manufacturer: Lainco S.A.

Prescription required

LACTULOSE LAINCO 10 g ORAL SOLUTION IN SACHETS

Dosage form: ORAL SOLUTION/SUSPENSION, 0.67 g lactulose/ml

Active substance: lactulose

Manufacturer: Lainco S.A.

Prescription required

DUPHALAC 667 mg/ml ORAL SOLUTION

Dosage form: ORAL SOLUTION/SUSPENSION, 10 g lactulose/ 15 ml

Active substance: lactulose

Manufacturer: Cooper Consumer Health B.V.

Prescription required

DUPHALAC 10 G ORAL SOLUTION IN SACHET

Dosage form: ORAL SOLUTION/SUSPENSION, 10 g lactulose

Active substance: lactulose

Manufacturer: Cooper Consumer Health B.V.

Prescription required

SALMAGNE POWDER FOR EFFEVESCENT SOLUTION

Dosage form: ORAL SOLUTION/SUSPENSION, -

Active substance: mineral salts in combination

Manufacturer: Laboratorio De Aplicaciones Farmacodinamicas S.A.

Prescription not required

SALCEDOL effervescent powder

Dosage form: EFFERVSCENT ORAL SOLUTION/SUSPENSION, 80 mg / 400 mg / 20 mg / 450 mg

Active substance: mineral salts in combination

Manufacturer: Laboratorio De Aplicaciones Farmacodinamicas S.A.

Prescription not required

Online doctors for Lactulose-mip

Discuss dosage, side effects, interactions, contraindications, and prescription renewal for Lactulose-mip – subject to medical assessment and local rules.

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Tomasz Grzelewski

Dermatology20 years of experience

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For five years, Dr Grzelewski served as the Head of two paediatric departments in Poland, managing complex clinical cases and leading multidisciplinary teams. He also worked in medical centres in the United Kingdom, gaining experience across both primary care and specialist environments. With over a decade of telemedicine experience, he has provided online consultations across Europe and is valued for his clear, structured and evidence-based medical guidance.

Dr Grzelewski is actively involved in clinical programmes focused on modern anti-allergic therapies. As a Principal Investigator, he leads research projects on sublingual and oral allergen desensitisation, supporting evidence-based progress in allergy treatment for both children and adults.

In addition to his background in allergology and paediatrics, he completed dermatology studies through the Cambridge Education Group (Royal College of Physicians of Ireland) and a Clinical Endocrinology course at Harvard Medical School. This advanced training enhances his ability to manage skin manifestations of allergies, atopic conditions, urticaria, endocrine-related symptoms and complex immunological reactions.

Patients commonly seek his care for:

seasonal and perennial allergies
allergic rhinitis and chronic nasal symptoms
asthma and breathing difficulties
food and medication allergies
urticaria, atopic dermatitis and skin reactions
recurrent infections in children
sports-related health questions
general family medicine concerns

Dr Tomasz Grzelewski is known for his clear communication style, structured medical approach and ability to explain treatment options in a concise and accessible way. His multidisciplinary background across allergy, paediatrics, dermatology and endocrinology allows him to provide safe, up-to-date and comprehensive care for patients of all ages.

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ENT conditions: sinusitis, tonsillitis, otitis (ear infections), sore throat, allergic rhinitis.
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She also provides:

IMT medical certificates for driving licence exchange in Portugal.
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Interpretation of test results and medical reports.
Follow-up care and medication review.
Support in managing multiple coexisting conditions.
Remote prescription management and medical documentation.

Dr. Tsurkan’s approach is evidence-based and holistic. She works closely with each patient to develop an individualised care plan that addresses both symptoms and root causes. Her goal is to empower patients to take control of their health and maintain well-being through lifestyle adjustments, routine check-ups, and early intervention.

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Respiratory conditions: colds, flu, acute and chronic bronchitis, mild to moderate pneumonia, bronchial asthma.
ENT and eye conditions: sinusitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, otitis, infectious and allergic conjunctivitis.
Digestive issues: gastritis, acid reflux (GERD), IBS, dyspepsia, bloating, constipation, diarrhoea, functional bowel symptoms, intestinal infections.
Urological and infectious diseases: acute and recurrent cystitis, bladder and kidney infections, prevention of recurrent UTIs, asymptomatic bacteriuria.
Chronic conditions: hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, metabolic syndrome, thyroid disorders, excess weight.
Neurological and general symptoms: headache, migraine, dizziness, fatigue, sleep disturbances, reduced concentration, anxiety, asthenia.
Chronic pain support: back, neck, joint, and muscle pain, tension syndromes, pain associated with osteochondrosis and chronic conditions.

Additional care areas:

Preventive consultations and check-up planning.
Medical advice and follow-up consultations.
Test interpretation and diagnostic guidance.
Structured support for undiagnosed complaints.
Second opinion on diagnoses and treatment plans.
Nutritional and lifestyle support for vitamin deficiencies, anaemia, metabolic issues.
Post-operative recovery support and pain management.
Preconception counselling and postpartum support.
Immunity support and strategies to reduce frequency of infections.

Dr. Travkina combines evidence-based medicine with an attentive, personalised approach. Her consultations focus not only on treatment, but also on prevention, recovery, and long-term wellbeing.

If during the consultation it becomes clear that your case requires in-person assessment or specialised care outside of her scope, the session will be terminated and the payment fully refunded.

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Digestive issues including gastritis, acid reflux, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
Urinary tract infections and other common infections.
Management of chronic diseases: high blood pressure, diabetes, thyroid disorders.
Acute conditions requiring urgent medical attention.
Headaches, migraines, and minor injuries.
Wound care, health check-ups, and ongoing prescriptions.

With a patient-focused and evidence-based approach, Dr. Ben Ami supports individuals at all stages of life — offering clear medical guidance, timely interventions, and continuity of care.

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Chronic pain lasting more than 3 months.
Migraines and recurring headaches.
Neck, back, lower back, and joint pain.
Post-traumatic pain following injury or surgery.
Nerve-related pain, fibromyalgia, and neuralgia.

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Respiratory infections (colds, bronchitis, pneumonia).
High blood pressure and metabolic conditions such as diabetes.
Preventive care and routine health check-ups.

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Dr. Popov’s approach is rooted in evidence-based medicine, combined with individualised care tailored to each patient’s history, lifestyle, and clinical needs.

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Yevgen Yakovenko

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Areas of medical expertise:

Acute and chronic pain: headaches, muscle and joint pain, back pain, abdominal pain, postoperative pain. Identifying the cause, selecting treatment, and creating a care plan.
Internal medicine: heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, urinary system. Management of chronic conditions, symptom control, second opinions.
Pre- and postoperative care: risk assessment, decision-making support, follow-up after surgery, rehabilitation strategies.
General and paediatric surgery: hernias, appendicitis, congenital conditions, both planned and urgent surgeries.
Injuries and trauma: bruises, fractures, sprains, soft tissue damage, wound care, dressing, referral when in-person care is required.
Oncological surgery: diagnosis review, treatment planning, and long-term follow-up.
Obesity treatment and weight management: a medical approach to weight loss, including assessment of underlying causes, evaluation of comorbidities, development of a personalised plan (nutrition, physical activity, pharmacotherapy if needed), and ongoing progress monitoring.
Imaging interpretation: analysis of ultrasound, CT, MRI, and X-ray results, surgical planning based on imaging data.
Second opinions and medical navigation: clarifying diagnoses, reviewing current treatment plans, helping patients choose the best course of action.

Experience and qualifications:

12+ years of clinical experience in university hospitals in Germany and Spain.
International education: Ukraine – Germany – Spain.
Member of the German Society of Surgeons (BDC).
Certified in radiological diagnostics and robotic surgery.
Active participant in international medical conferences and research.

Dr Yakovenko explains complex topics in a clear, accessible way. He works collaboratively with patients to analyse health issues and make evidence-based decisions. His approach is grounded in clinical excellence, scientific accuracy, and respect for each individual.

If you are unsure about a diagnosis, preparing for surgery, or want to discuss your test results – Dr Yakovenko will help you evaluate your options and move forward with confidence.

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Tetiana Fedoryshyn

General medicine29 years of experience

Dr Tetiana Fedoryshyn is a senior general practitioner, certified nutritionist, and psychologist with over 29 years of clinical experience. She combines classical internal medicine with modern approaches in lifestyle medicine, functional nutrition, and emotional health support.

Her focus is on helping patients regain health through deep understanding of symptoms, personalised nutrition plans, and evidence-based correction of deficiencies, stress-related conditions, and metabolic imbalances. Dr Fedoryshyn works with adults experiencing chronic conditions, fatigue, hormonal disruption, and post-stress exhaustion.

She integrates medical analysis, psychological insight, and real-life behaviour change tools to offer treatment plans tailored to each patient’s biochemistry, mental state, and lifestyle.

Main areas of practice:

Chronic condition management and medical counselling
Weight loss programmes based on metabolic profiling
Diagnosis and treatment of micronutrient deficiencies
Recovery from stress, burnout, and hormonal imbalances
Emotional support and psychosomatic symptom care

Her approach is never one-size-fits-all – each consultation begins with a deep dive into your unique health history, test results, and emotional landscape. Consultations are available in Ukrainian, Polish, and Russian.

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Mar Tabeshadze

Endocrinology10 years of experience

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Diagnostic consultations for suspected endocrine disorders
Management of thyroid conditions, including in pregnant women
Early detection and treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, with personalised therapy plans
Obesity treatment: identifying underlying causes of weight gain, combining medication and non-pharmacological strategies, and long-term support
Diagnosis and treatment of endocrine-related skin, hair, and nail issues
Ongoing care for patients with osteoporosis, pituitary, and adrenal gland disorders

Dr. Tabeshadze takes a patient-centred approach based on evidence-based medicine. Her goal is to help patients achieve hormonal balance, manage chronic conditions effectively, and improve overall well-being through targeted, personalised care.

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Anna Biriukova

General medicine5 years of experience

Dr Anna Biriukova is an internal medicine doctor with clinical experience in cardiology, endocrinology, and gastroenterology. She provides online consultations for adults, offering expert medical support for heart health, hormonal balance, digestive issues, and general internal medicine.

Cardiology – Diagnosis and treatment of:

High blood pressure, blood pressure fluctuations, and cardiovascular risk prevention.
Chest pain, shortness of breath, arrhythmias (tachycardia, bradycardia, palpitations).
Leg swelling, chronic fatigue, reduced exercise tolerance.
EKG interpretation, lipid profile evaluation, cardiovascular risk assessment (heart attack, stroke).
Post-COVID-19 cardiac monitoring and care.

Endocrinology – Diabetes, thyroid, metabolism:

Diagnosis and management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and prediabetes.
Individual treatment plans including oral medications and insulin therapy.
GLP-1 therapy– modern pharmacological treatment for weight management and diabetes control, including drug selection, monitoring, and safety follow-up.
Thyroid disorders – hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, autoimmune thyroid diseases (Hashimoto’s, Graves’ disease).
Metabolic syndrome – obesity, lipid disorders, insulin resistance.

Gastroenterology – Digestive health:

Abdominal pain, nausea, heartburn, gastroesophageal reflux (GERD).
Stomach and intestinal conditions: gastritis, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), indigestion.
Management of chronic digestive disorders and interpretation of tests (endoscopy, ultrasound, labs).

General internal medicine and preventive care:

Respiratory infections – cough, colds, bronchitis.
Lab test analysis, therapy adjustments, medication management.
Adult vaccinations – planning, contraindications assessment.
Cancer prevention – screening strategies and risk assessment.
Holistic approach – symptom relief, complication prevention, and quality of life improvement.

Dr Biriukova combines internal medicine with specialist insight, offering clear explanations, personalised treatment plans, and comprehensive care tailored to each patient.

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Maryna Kuznetsova

Cardiology16 years of experience

Dr Marina Kuznetsova is an internal medicine doctor and cardiologist with a PhD in medicine. She provides online consultations for adults with chronic and acute conditions, with a strong focus on cardiovascular health. Her approach is based on current clinical guidelines and evidence-based treatment strategies.

Areas of expertise: